艺术人生-人生艺术

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  • 翻译

    2008-06-28 04:16:30

    甚至,现象学中的个人确认[]是主体间的和对话的,或者直接地通过某些商讨,或者非直接通过自己的内在可能的要求和他者的异议的考虑。胡塞尔在《危机》中所发现的现象学关于过去、历史他者的内在相关性不得不被拓宽到包括现在的和将来的他者的本质关联上。现象学不仅仅在它关于主体间性的断言中,而且在其实际应用中和方法上,[]是本质上对话的和主体间的。pp.132, Post-Cartesian Meditations: An Essay in Dialectical Phenomenology, by James L. Marsh, Fordham University Press, New York, 1988

     

  • 翻译

    2008-06-19 04:34:57

    艺术和偶像崇拜:列维纳斯的美学与他异性

     

    彼得·施密德艮

     

                                

                                        在最完美的形象中的难以超越的漫画以其愚蠢显示

                                                   它自身作为一个偶像。作为偶像之形象引领我们通达

                                                   它的非现实之本体论意义。[1]

     

      当一个人阅读《从存在到存在者》时,他首先所经历的某些惊奇是发现相当数量的页面被用于对艺术作品本质的反思。当一个人能够从自传式的视角理解——为列维纳斯思想的发展而给予海德格尔作品以意义——为什么他会选择从事这样的反思之时,这不会立刻就清楚为什么他会在他的开创性文本之一的里面为这个主题付出这么大的空间,而不是在一篇短文里面说。列维纳斯思想中艺术和美学的位置问题将在这篇文章中被探究。

      在最一般的措辞中,列维纳斯忠于这样的观点,即具象主义的艺术作品本质上是一个偶像崇拜的对象。由此他所意谓的一个对象则是一项试图综合的结果,因而(他所意谓的一个对象试图)表现他者的不-能综合的无限。在这方面,他关于艺术的理解与批评评价是紧密地联系着他的伦理反思之最核心关切。作为一个整体的列维纳斯的伦理学是一种破坏偶像主义的伦理学[尽管破坏偶像主义来自于他者,而不是(来自)同一],这假定了与他者而不是与我们所表现的他者的接合作为它的最高目标。

      柏拉图的美学反思以谴责形象为中心,因为它(指形象——译注)与绝对现实隔了一段距离,而且,在这个意义上,(形象是)不充分的表现。对于列维纳斯,一个他者的形象不可能是本身。美的形象是没有声音的;(它是)沉默的。这是与对我们说话的脸的鲜活丰饶相对照的沉默肖像或死亡面具,正如它在《整体与无限》中所被理解的那样。艺术,我们被告知:

       ……进入世界阴暗的命运,但是,它特别带来迷醉于作为光亮和作为优雅的无责任性。它释放(无拘无束?)。制作或欣赏一部小说和一幅图画不再必要去构想,(而)是在于弃绝科学、哲学和行动的努力。不要说话,无需反思,钦羡于沉默和平和中——这些都是在美之前令智慧得以满意的忠告。魔法认为任何地方皆是魔鬼的,(而)在诗歌中,(魔法却)享受着一种难以被理解的宽容。[2]

    在这个意义上,伦理的世界是不但包含着艺术家和作品的世界,而且(是包含着)批评家(的世界)。艺术作品不能是终点,(尽管)在这上面,天才已然完成他或她自己的表达,以及我们可能(在这上面)永远地停止下来了。

      然而,在列维纳斯的艺术分析里面也还是有着一种强烈的正反感情的并存,因为当他非难具象现实主义的偶像崇拜之时,他(却)在《从存在到存在者》中赞美(这样的)方式,即在(这方式)当中抽象允许我们可以获得一种更原真的非典型的实质性。那么,我们或许可以说,他是与任何试图去创造现实主义的形象(图像)相对的现代主义者之先锋派的某些方面的倡导者。[3]这样的现实主义的形象(图像)总会缺少某些东西。对于列维纳斯而言,这某些东西是声音本身;(而)这种伦理话语源于超出视觉之外。[4]

      然而,经由他也在《整体与无限》中于伦理的和非-伦理的[审美的]语言的运用两者之间区别的事实,另一个难题被加入。我们不能简单地断言伦理关系的王国是言语的王国,正如所超过和反对的视觉,因而(还有)审美那样。宁可说是这样的情况,即这里也存在着(需要)作出内部-语言的区分。特别地,他在诗意的[在这当中他(意谓)包含着音乐的]和散文的之间(做了)区别。前者应理解为(具有)破坏性的伦理关系,而后者(则应理解为)(是伦理关系)它们的特性。

      这篇文章将仅仅涉及这全部问题的某些方面。首先是被给予在《从存在到存在者》中的非-具象主义的抽象艺术的分析,接着是在《整体与无限》以及一些早期论文中所发现的有关于语言和语言艺术形式的反思。就此而论,文章将被分成两个主要的部分。这种结构符合于从视觉的“沉默”内在性到伦理的复调式的“听觉”的运动。

  • Wordsworth on the power of love

    2008-06-14 08:04:45

    Through love, we feel that we are greater than we know.
  • 一段译文

    2008-06-13 02:46:21

     作为文学生命的批评具有独特的功能,(可分为)专家的和专业的批评,(或可)作为一项内容出现在报纸和杂志以及书籍中,(这)确实能被看作是可疑的和(毫)无意义的。但是,在听众、观众及读者心目中,批评还是自有其根源的,它作为一种公众态度的模式而存在。公众并不满足于沉浸在审美享受中,而是感到有不可遏制(抵抗)的需要去说话。这里的实情是,当艺术家拒绝去说除艺术品自身以外的东西的时候,也许这里就有一些公众想说的事情,而当一个人不能默然地沉思时,事实上却证明了批评的正当性。当每一件事情都被说过之时,他(还是)可以被界定为仍然有一些事情要说的那一位,所说的是关于作品的不同于其自身的其他的事情。

  • Eros and Ethics

    2008-06-04 22:33:34

      列维纳斯坚决主张善不是存在,而认为善是“别于”或超越存在。此观念被奠基于两种现象学的经验上:疏离和欲望。列维纳斯对在他的哲学中给予这两种经验以同等重要性的坚持引领他发展了一种二元论的伦理学。列维纳斯思索的发展性进展能够通过他对从一种本体论视角而来的善之虚无主义的贬值的承认(而)被理解,所支撑着他的欲望的现象学经验,以及连同他对毋庸置疑的新-柏拉图式柏拉图和苏格拉底的解读的欣赏,给予他的伦理学以一种作为最富有成效的方法之新-柏拉图式的二元论的清晰指示。

       为了意识到列维纳斯的他异性/他者性/他性伦理学是如何被建构的,临近其作为新-柏拉图式二元论的作品/工作是非常重要的,因为至关重要的他者Autrui)概念被故意地/慎重地/有意地构想为从本体论视角而言的不连贯/不相关。正如西卡和海明已经论证的那样,列维纳斯伦理学的一种本体论的解读将不能在我也许在存在中所关涉的另一个人与一个“既非神亦非人”的观念的创造物之他者Autrui)之间辨明意向(性)的概念的差别。把他者Autrui)解读为另一个人/一个其他的人将会给予伦理学一种唯我论的“无意义感/方向感”。

       与早期诺斯替/灵知的以及二元论者哲学的基本类似通过列维纳斯对柏拉图的ἀγαθόν以及ἐπέκεινα τη̂ς οὐσίας的一种新-柏拉图式解读的深度强调(而)被带入焦点(位置)。仔细地向古代新-柏拉图主义者的思索看齐,列维纳斯,像他们一样,(也)能够在疏离和欲望两者上保持一种视角/综观。如果我们遵照他思想的二元论结构,我们必定承认他的确捍卫了一种没有还原到唯我论的形而上学的现实。列维纳斯方案的成功必定在他以所应用的“非-性欲的临近”充分清楚地阐明一种作为相对于实存者存在之超越的善好/善性之现实的标志手段的形而上学欲望的限度内被评判。苏格拉底的未完成的爱洛斯的现象学经验所表现的是列维纳斯伦理学实践的一种图像,在其中,他者/人命令我的存在,以及这一现象学的基础/根据意味着列维纳斯的伦理学实际上而言是比克尔凯郭尔的目的论的伦理悬置更切实可行。由于它的二元论的基础/根据,它无论如何不会为基督教的、与神圣者的一种直接的个人关系的概念留下任何生存空间。列维纳斯说:

             “为了谴责自杀,在《斐多篇》的开头,苏格拉底拒绝与神圣者完全直接结合的

               错误的唯心论,(这)定性为/被描述为遗弃/叛离;他声明,知识的不可避免的

               艰难行程开始于尘世间。认知存在与已知存在保持分离。”

     

  • 一段译文

    2008-05-27 14:43:14

    列维纳斯所描述的一个二元论者的结构,在其中,善和存在是互相不协调/不相关的,这事实意味着他在其伦理学中把存在和善好/善性称作为两个分离的运动。这意味着“存在之内的善(善不超出存在)”和“其他存在者”的本体论概念必定没有与“善超越/出越/高于存在”和“他者”的伦理学概念搅在一起/混合。正如爱洛斯憎恶被爱者之于爱的对象/客体的情形之还原那样,所以列维纳斯的他者性/他异性/他性伦理学致力寻求保护/维持他者的绝对他异性/他性/他者性。

  • 一段译文

    2008-05-27 03:45:42

     

    加拿大哲学家,索妮娅·西卡,一位列维纳斯思想重要的评论家,指出“如果与神的关系被排除在人类存在/实存的每一点之外,除开此点上它所容许/容忍/遭受的……那么,这是否不会在存在/实存和神圣者之间的关系上造成胡言乱语/无意义(状况),以及一种令人震惊的愚蠢行为呢?她是绝对正确的。正如列维纳斯所试图展示的那样,任何存在/实存和神圣者之间的可理解的关系将会通过虚妄的爱洛斯(爱为理性所呵护/辩护)所标画出的轮廓的描述而被表现,以及(会)在《斐德罗篇》中最先的两篇讲演里被拒绝/批判,在此中,吕西阿斯首度尝试去为一种基于令人信服的论据而非欲望的诱惑形式辩护,因而,苏格拉底攻击吕西阿斯的证据是一种再-接合(时常再次呈现),在当中,欲望是动力/诱因,但是诱惑仍然被理性的证据攻击。

     

     
  • Plato ---Levinas

    2008-05-24 02:01:13

    柏拉图决不从演绎出存在:他把超越设定/置放为超越整体。与能满足的需要一道意味着充实空隙/虚空,柏拉图也瞥见没有经由痛苦与缺乏而先在的强烈的愿望(另:柏拉图也瞥见经由同苦与缺乏而非先在的强烈的欲望),以及在此中我们识别的欲望形态:他所不匮乏的需要/他的充足的需要,他所完全据有其存在的强烈的愿望/欲望,他所超出/超越/出越的丰足/丰富,他所具有的无限观念。高于每一本质的场所是最深刻的教导,决定性的教导,不是神学的,而是哲学的。

  • 莫里斯·布朗肖关于列维纳斯的一段论述

    2008-05-13 00:19:01

    翻译很粗糙,请方家指正,谢谢!

     

    当列维纳斯把语言定义为联系时,他把它解释为立即性(即时性),从而这就有了严肃的后果。因为立即性(即时性)是绝对的在场(当下/此时此刻)——这破坏和倾覆一切(每件事)。立即性(即时性)是无限,既非完结亦非远离,而且不再渴望和需求,却暴力劫持(却暴力的诱拐)——神秘融合的狂喜(陶醉)。立即性不仅消除(排斥)所有的调解(调停/斡旋);它是那样的一个在场之无限性以至于它不再被论及,对于关系自身,(不论)它是伦理的或是本体论的,已突然在被剥夺了黑暗的夜里烧毁(烧尽)。在此夜里不再有任何的措辞,不再有一个关系,不再有一超脱(超越)——在此夜里上帝自己已取消(废除)其自身了。

     

     

  • 一段译文之列维纳斯与阿多诺

    2008-04-22 01:06:23

     尽管AdornoLevinas共享着许多论题,我试图凸显及评估他们的分歧。两者持着极端和表面上正相反对的艺术观点,当Adorno争辩说,艺术展现了现代性真理的最高命令时,Levinas却公然抨击艺术作为不体面偶像崇拜的观点。

      这样一种显著差异的考量清楚地显示了两者在根本实质上与方法论上的不协调性。Levinas关于“脸”的超越性的主张应该作为他别于(出离)Adorno的工具理性批判的最显著的出发点。

      我尝试着解释为什么Levinas相信这种出离的正当性,以及Adorno是怎样将Levinasilleity观念(列维纳斯用illeity 来指上帝的他性。英国学者Davis 指出的Illeity“来源于代词ililleity 拒绝任何与上帝直接的、个人的和亲密的关系。” 可见莱维纳斯用illeity这个词,而不是用“你”这个词拉开了与上帝的距离,“无限的分离…就是我们所说的illeity。” 而马丁·布伯的“我-你”关系在莱维纳斯看来显得太亲近了。Illeity表示没有显现,从不在场,永已过去,不能是成为任何主题和目的。)理解成为一文化的副产品和一独断的形式(一种形式的教条主义)。

      Adorno关于在文化中完全被科学理性和经济还原论监督下的世界祛魅与(神圣)光环之被破坏的历史和社会学考量,与Levinas的超验现象学形成了尖锐的对比,并且,我认为Adorno彻底拒绝被制约的辩证思考最终更有说服力。

  • Sleep——一首翻译的的习作

    2008-04-15 06:34:10

    睡眠

    你是否完全给予了我,

    身与心,肉与灵,

    不是如无常的力量,盲目地和悲痛地,

    而是如孩童的力量,没有其他的企盼?

    是的,完全愿意。

    那么我将承载你于我的河口

    偕你同舟去埋葬那神秘,

    携着你和迎着你,

    消耗你,吞没你,

    在巨浪中,我的腹部,冲刷着你,

    伴随着连绵的巨浪。

    你应紧粘与攀登

    沉睡于此,

    扣打着染着我血的拍子,聆听着我的心动

    茫然于驾驭着你的残骨中,

    探究于我的肉体里,被溶化和被置放,

    通过那看不见的门阀如此展现

     

     

  • Artistic material in the works of Levinas' philosophy

    2008-04-13 03:00:16

    Great art, conceived unapologetically in European canonic terms, occupies a crucial place in Levinas’s philosophy. We are as likely to encounter the texts of Dostoyevsky or Shakespeare, Agnon or Grossman, as those of Plato or Kant, in Levinas’s philosophical examples and analogies. Nor are the artistic characters or dilemmas a mere illustration of philosophical concepts or principles; on the contrary, for Levinas they are the necessary dramatization of ethical being which has become elsewhere fatally compromised and reduced in the philosophical process of the comprehension of Being. They operate then as the ethical shadow within ontological language, as an aesthetic of the face-to-face relation otherwise threatened with suppression in the work of the metaphysician.

    伟大的艺术,就其在欧洲典范的术语中毫无辩解地被构想来看(在欧洲,它是被典范的术语毫无争议的被构想着),在列维纳斯的哲学中占据着一个至关重要的位置。我们很有可能在列维纳斯的哲学的事例和相似的地方碰到陀思妥耶夫斯基或莎士比亚,阿格农或格劳斯曼的文句,就好像(在其中碰到)柏拉图或康德的文句那样。并不是说,艺术作品中的人物或进退两难的问题仅仅就是哲学的概念或原理的图解。相反的是,对于列维纳斯来说,他们是伦理存在的必要的戏剧化,而伦理存在在别处已变成了致命地妥协(已不幸地变成了妥协),并在领会“存在”的哲学进程中简约化了。他们那时是被作为本体论语言中的伦理阴影(影子)运用,被作为受到镇压所威胁的别样的“面对面”的审美关系而运转于这个形而上学家的作品中。

    在欧洲,伟大的艺术,毫无争议地被典范的术语所孕育着,它们在列维纳斯的哲学中占据了一个至关重要的位置。我们很有可能在列维纳斯的哲学文本中见到陀思妥耶夫斯基、莎士比亚、阿格农、格劳斯曼的文句,就好像在列维纳斯哲学文本中经常见到柏拉图、康德的哲学文句那样。这并不是说艺术作品中的人物或当中所描述的进退两难的困境仅仅只是哲学概念或原理的简单图解。相反的是,列维纳斯认为他们是伦理的“存在”的必要的戏剧化,因伦理的“存在”在别处已经变成为致命的妥协,以及哲学进程中简约化的“存在”之领悟。他们在这个形而上学家的作品中是被当作本体论语言中伦理的阴影和受抑制所威胁的别样的“面对面”的审美关系去运用的。

  • the phenomenology reader 6

    2008-03-05 00:14:56

    Levinas seeks to indicate the possibility of an otherness that is irreducible to presence and anterior to any past that consciousness synthetically constitutes as a bygone present, a present upon which sense once was (and is again) bestowed centrifugally. Such an otherness is discernible, once more, in the encounter with the face. The Other’s face is proximate to me because in its strangeness it immediately cuts across the distance separating our bodies. Proximity is a relation of the Same and the Other that cannot be synchronised with my own temporality. Here I can find a meaning that is beyond my intentional acts precisely in disrupting them; the ineffaceable strangeness and vulnerability of the face summons and surprises me by invoking my responsibility before any attempt to grasp it cognitively. Such a provocative proximity in the Other’s resistance to the constituting self the later Levinas stresses increasingly.

    列维纳斯旨在表明他性不可被还原为在场以及任一先在于意识综合构建为过去的在场的过去的可能性,此一在场在此意义上曾经是(又是)被离心地赐予的。这样一种他性是能够再一次在与脸的遭遇中被辨别的。他者的脸接近于我,因其陌生性,他者立刻穿越了分离我们身体的距离。接近是同一与他者的关系,它与我自身的暂时性是不能同步发生的。在这里,我能够发现超越我意向性行为的意义,更准确的说是瓦解它们;不能被抹去的陌生性以及脸的脆弱性在任何试图认知性的把握它之前通过调用我的责任来召唤着我并使我惊奇。这种煽动性(挑衅)的接近处身在他者对自我建构的反抗中,这是后来列维纳斯所逐渐强调的。

     

    [513-14]  

    The way in which the Other as stranger thrusts himself or herself upon me and invokes my responsibility is seen by Levinas as the way in which a God who would love the stranger and question me might enter the scene. In this connection he cites an old Jewish commentary on Genesis 18. Abraham asks the Eternal who has appeared not to leave but to wait for him, since it is important for him to welcome three passers-by into his tent. On Levinas’ reading, the commentary suggests that there is more revelation of God in helping the travellers than in direct communication with Him---we cannot appreciate God beyond human beings so much as through them. God is a transcendent signification tied intimately to responsibility for the other person, not a presence that is reachable by philosophical argumentation.

    他者作为陌生者推挤他(她)自身于我(面前)以及唤起(调用)我的责任的方式被列维纳斯当作眷爱陌生者以及质疑我(向我提问)的上帝进入场景的方式。在这种关联中,他(列维纳斯)引用了一个古老的犹太人的评论,在《创世纪·18》中,亚伯拉罕祈求永恒者出现,不是离去而是等待着他,因为欢迎三个路人进入他的帐篷对于他来说是非常重要的。列维纳斯的解读使得这个评论表明,上帝帮助路人(旅行者)的启示比直接与上帝交流要多——通过他们,我们不能赞赏上帝超越于人类许多(的观点)。上帝的超然的意味与为他人的责任是密切联系的,而不是通过哲学论证所能达到的在场。

     

     

    以下是 “Further reading” ,列维纳斯的书籍及相关研究书目,省略。 

      上面是《the phenomenology reader》中的"introduction",翻译很不好,请方家指正,谢谢。

  • the phenomenology reader 5

    2008-03-04 16:00:22

    Our second selection, “Beyond Intentionality”, first published in 1983, was specially composed for a collection of essays in which contemporary French philosophers set out their work in summary. Levinas elaborates some of the recurring themes in his thought, among them the claims that philosophical questions of being and meaning are opened up, not by our knowledge of the world, but in our response to the Other. For Husserl and his predecessors, the bestowal of meaning is taken as the thematisation of a particular presence; sense is bestowed on something as it becomes present to me. Perceptual presence is completed when the object is taken in hand and manipulated for my purposes. In its fullest sense, intentionality is both a pointing at something and a possessing of it. Here is found the non-metaphorical origin of the idea of truth as a conceptual grasp of things or adequation of thought and Being.

    第二篇选文,《超越意向性》,首次出版于1983年,是特别为一组当代法国哲学家简要介绍其著作的文集而写作的。列维纳斯精心说明了一些其思想中重复的主题,其中有存在与意义的哲学问题的敞开断言,即不是因为我们关于世界的知识,而是对他者的回应(责任)。对于胡塞尔以及其前辈学者,意义的给予被当作是特别在场的主题化(主位化);感觉是被给予的就好像它呈现给我一样。感知的在场当客体被为了我的目的而上手以及利用的时候是被完成了的(当客体是为了我的目的而上手和利用时,感知的在场是被完成的)。在其最广泛的意义上说,意向性是同时指向某物和拥有某物(意向性是指向某物并拥有之)。在这里就发现了真理的非隐喻性起源的观念(非形而上学起源的观念)作为对事物的概念性的领会或是思想与存在的等效物(非形而上学起源观念的真理作为事物的概念性领会或是思想与存在的适当的等价物)。

     

    In this approach, being and meaning are equated with presence, and presence is whatever is amenable to the synthesising power of the subject; not only things but the past and future are made present as presences that were and will be, since all of them are thought together in the ideal, living present of awareness. Because the being that is external to thought is itself bound together by synthesising thought, adds Levinas, we end up with an idealism whereby the exteriority found in immanent experience is itself constituted immanently. Intentionality thus points reductively to the immanence of all exteriority. The self that grounds these representations, furthermore, is common to every person, and could just as well exist as a single consciousness.

    依此途径方法,存在和意义就与在场被同等看待,在场则无论如何是服从主题(主体)的综合力量的;不仅仅是事物而且还有过去和未来都被当作过去和未来在场来呈现,因为它们全部被放在观念的、鲜活的意识在场中一起思考。由于存在相对于思想是客观的、外部的,它本身与思想一起受限于综合的思考,列维纳斯补充说,我们以观念论而结束,并藉此在内在经验中发现外在性是被其自身普遍地构建的。因此,意向性还原性的指向了所有外在性的内在。那个为这些表现而定基的自我,进一步说,是与每一个人都相同的,并且能够被当作一个单一的意识而存在。

  • the phenomenology reader 4

    2008-03-04 01:36:22

    [512-13]

    Levinas holds that language has its origin in the face-to-face encounter with the Other. It is not the mediation of the linguistic sign that forms signification, but the significance of the face that makes the sign-function possible. To put it another way, language does not commence as the translation of an interior and pre-existent thought into a string of signs. It is instead a response to the unforeseen expressiveness of the Other who faces and addresses me. Husserl’s mistake, according to Levinas, was to make the Other in the independence of subjective, transcendental consciousness. Only such a prefabricated being can then come to address me. For Levinas, by contrast, humanity is already present in the Other’s eyes and in his or her speech, and it is only in the responsibility evoked by it that I can discern my own human selfhood.

    列维纳斯坚持认为在与他者面对面的遭遇中,语言自有其起源。语言符号的调解并不能形成意义(并没有什么意味),而是脸的意义(意味)使得符号-功能成为可能。换句话说,即语言一开始并不时作为内部或前存在(者)的思想被翻译成一连串符号。它是面对我和与我言说的他者的无法预料的表情(表达)的一种回应性的替代(它是回应面对我以及与我言说的他者的无法预料的表情的替代)。依据列维纳斯的观点,胡塞尔的错误在于使他者处在主观性的、超验意识的独立状态(胡塞尔的错误在于其他者处在主观的、超验意识的单子状态)。仅仅是这样一个预先建构的存在才能够与我言说。相反地,对于列维纳斯而言,人性在他者的眼光以及他或她的言说中在场,并且,仅只在责任中通过它而被唤起,从而使得我能够辨明我自己属人的自我(人格)。

     

    [513]

    The subjectivist bias which is to be found in some of Husserl’s work is traced by Levinas back to Descartes. But Levinas’ account takes a surprising turn from here; he finds an openness to the Other---and by the same token a respect for Descartes’ own Otherness---in the very heart of the latter’s cogito. Although the Second Meditation takes consciousness to be certain of itself by itself, the Third Meditation traces the clear conditions of this certitude back to the existence of God. The divine Other furnishes me with an idea of infinity by means of which I can recognise the finitude of my own thought, for the idea of infinity is not itself an infinite idea. Descartes realises that the infinity of God cannot be thematised or made into an object. In this way he discovers a relation to a total alterity that is irreducible to interiority.

    胡塞尔作品中的一些被发现的主观主义的偏见被列维纳斯追溯到了笛卡儿(列维纳斯认为胡塞尔作品中呈现的主观主义偏见应被回溯到笛卡儿)。但是列维纳斯的思考从这里采取了令人惊奇的转向(但是列维纳斯的思考在这里有了令人吃惊的转向);他在后期“我思”的中心地带发现了对他者的敞开(他在后期“我思”的内部发现了他者敞开的空间)——出于同样的原因而尊重笛卡尔自己的他性。尽管在第二沉思中,意识被认为是某种意识本身,而第三沉思把这种确实性的明晰条件追溯到了上帝的存在。神圣的他者给我提供了无限的观念,凭借此,我能够认知我思想中的有限,因为无限的观念本身并不是一个无限的(无穷的)观念。笛卡尔认为上帝的无限性不能被主位化(主题化)或成为一个对象(客体)。沿此路径,他发现了关系到不能被还原为内在性的全然的外在性(他发现了不能被还原为内在性的全然的他异性、他性)。

  • the phenomenology reader 3

    2008-03-03 00:34:34

    [512]

    “Ethics and the Face” opens with the claim that the face of the Other cannot be enveloped or encompassed like a thing. Levinas foregrounds the phenomenon of the human face because it is a unique locus of expressivity. To experience the face is to experience, not an object represented or constituted by myself and my needs, but an irreducible alterity who faces me and whose eyes look into mine. It is to be referred to a source of meanings outside the self and its own resources. Husserl had already suggested that the “I”, when taken transcendentally, is not just one more worldly being, but a unique, unrepeatable and indeclinable existent who opens up and on to the world and who escapes naturalistic categories and third-person explanations. Levinas inverts this position; the intimation of infinite transcendence or unrepeatable uniqueness is to be found, not through self-reflection following on the reduction, but precisely through the experience of the Other’s face. The face of the Other is in the world, a thing among things, and yet its very expressivity breaks through or interrupts its mundane, phenomenal form. It is the epiphany of infinite transcendence, of an alterity that cannot be accounted for within the sameness of a self or genus or species.

    《伦理与脸》开篇宣称他者之脸不可能像事物那样被(信封)包裹或包围。列维纳斯(采取前景式的方式)(突出)人脸的现象在于它是独一无二的表达场所。对脸的经验是(一种)体验,并不是一个客体被表现,亦不是被我自己和我的需要所构建,而是面对我以及眼睛审视我的人的不可还原的外在性。它涉及的是我之外的意义,并自有其渊源。胡塞尔已经指出,当“我”被赋予先验的(意义)时,它不仅仅是一个世间的存在,而是一个独一无二的、不可重复的以及不变化的存在者,它在世界中展现,并逃避自然主义的范畴以及第三方的阐释。列维纳斯扭转了这种状态;无限的超越性或不可重复的独特性的隐秘(暗示、内容)被发现,(这)不是通过自我反思的一系列还原,更确切地说,而是通过对他者之脸的体验(被发现)。在世之他者之脸,处身事物之间,其真正的表现性却突破或中断了其世俗(性、现实性),(而成为)现象的形式。它是无限的超越性的主显,是不能在自我的同一性中或同种类中被思考的外在性(他性、他异性)。

     

    It is the infinity given by the face, on Levinas’ account, which alone maintains the non-spatial exteriority of the Other with respect to the same. And if the Other resists my constitutive grasp by overflowing my thought by that which exceeds its capacity, this resistance is presaged, he goes on to state, by the nudity or openness of his or her eyes, completely defenceless as they are of themselves alone. Devoid of qualitatively or quantifiably determinable force, resistance is nothing but an ethical injunction to not commit murder, to be responsible for the Other wherever possible. It is only the Other that one can wish to kill, since he or she is the sole existent absolutely independent of me, the sole existent with a transcendence beyond sensibility that is susceptible, not to thing-like domination, but to total annihilation. The face can indeed threaten eventual conflict, yet this is not its first epiphany---the struggle which one may have with the Other presupposes the transcendence of expression.

    在列维纳斯的考量中,脸所给予的无限性能够单独维持他者相对于同一性的非空间的外在性。如果他者通过那些超出其能力的充溢的思想来抵抗我的构建性的领会,那么,这种抵抗预示着他会通过裸露或敞开他的(她的)眼睛接着陈述其完全的无防御(状况),就好像他们单单就是其自身一样。由于缺乏定性的或可定量的决定性的力量,抵抗只不过是一种道德命令而不是被裁定为谋杀,为他者负责无论在哪里皆有可能。他者是人所想杀死的,因为作为惟一的存在者的他或她是绝对独立于我的,具有超越性的超出感性的惟一的存在者是很敏感的、易受影响的,不是像事物那样的控制,而是全然的湮没(歼灭)。诚然,脸能构成最后冲突的威胁,然而这也不是其第一次的主显——与他者的争斗预先假定(预设)了超越性的表达。(这一段翻译的比较糟糕,请指正)

  • the phenomenology reader 2

    2008-03-02 16:32:06

    Levinas was largely responsible for introducing phenomenology to French philosophy students of the 1930s. Husserl and Heidegger were constant influences on his thought, as was his fellow Jewish thinker Franz Rosenzweig. Levinas greatly admired Husserl’s account of intuition, in which value is not confined to the sphere of judgements, but already present in concrete experience. At the same time he accepted Heidegger’s critique of the former’s transcendental idealism and theoreticism. Inspired by Rosenzweig, however, Levinas went on to reject what he regarded as Heidegger’s totalising philosophy of being. The consistent thread in Levinas’ work is that the Western ontological tradition up to and including Heidegger has more often than not sought to reduce the Other---where this term indicates the other person---to the same. Put more precisely, it has tried to comprehensively represent and account for Otherness through the totalising sameness of impersonal concepts and categories. For Levinas, by contrast, I encounter the Other as absolute and singular transcendence outside myself and outside all possible forms of representation and explanation. This transcendence is in his view the ground of ethics, of a fundamental and indeclinable responsibility for the Other person that precedes every ontology.

    在引介现象学给1930年代的法国哲学学生上面,列维纳斯负有主要的责任。胡塞尔和海德格尔与列维纳斯的犹太同胞思想家罗森茨威格一样持续地影响着他的思想。列维纳斯极为赞赏胡塞尔关于直观的思考,在其中,价值不是被限制于判断的领域,而是已经呈现在具体的经验里。在同时,列维纳斯接受了海德格尔对前者超越性的观念论与理论至上主义的批判。然而,由于受到罗森茨威格的启发,列维纳斯逐步拒绝了他所认为的海德格尔的关于存在的整体性哲学。在列维纳斯著作中始终贯彻的主线是西方本体论传统常常寻求把他者还原为同一,这其中也包括海德格尔,当然他者这个术语也意味着他人。更准确的说,它是致力于通过整体性的同一性这个非人称的概念和范畴来广泛地表现和思考他性。对于列维纳斯,与此相反,我遭遇到了作为超越我自己之外的绝对的、独一无二的他者,并超出了所有可能的表现和解释的形式。这种超越就其而言是伦理的地基,而对他人的基本的、无变化的责任则优先于每一种本体论。

     

    [511-12]

    Levinas’ middle and late prose is not notable for its clarity, with its elliptical, paradoxical character ensuing from his wish to avoid a rationalistic or representation terminology. Our first selection is one of his best known, and comprises the greater part of “Ethics and the Face”, taken from the third section of Totality and Infinity. In the preceding section of this work, Levinas had contended that the human being lives initially at a level of sensibility. Here it is a centre of sensations, some of which it naturally prefers because they satisfy its needs. The satisfaction of a need is characterised chiefly by enjoyment. The human being enjoys the food and drink that it incorporates and the multifarious things that it appropriates so as to sustain and enhance its being. At the level of sensibility and enjoyment, things are there to be consumed---that is, absorbed or encompassed---by a centripetal, egoistic self. They are reducible to the sameness or homogeneity of a self-concerned individual.

    列维纳斯中后期的文章并不是因为其清晰度而显著,他采用椭圆式的、似是而非的风格希望逃避理性主义的或表现性的术语。我们所选的《伦理与脸》是其非常著名的作品《整体与无限》第三章节中重要的部分。在这部作品的先前章节,列维纳斯已经雄辩地指出人类最初是活在感性的水平。这里感觉成为中心,这当中有一些自然的喜欢,因为它们满足了需要。需要的满足主要是通过享受而定性。人类享受那些合并的食物和饮料,这五花八门的东西很适当地维持和加强着人类的存在。在感性和享受的水平上,东西在这里被向心的、自我中心主义的自己所消费——也就是说,被吸收或被环绕。它们被还原为自我关心的个人的同一或同质。

  • the phenomenology reader

    2008-03-01 23:55:45

    The Phenomenology Reader, Edited by Dermot Moran and Timothy Mooney, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, 2002

     

    Editor’s Introduction[20---原书页码,下同]:

    Husserl’s Logical Investigations had an early and considerable influence on philosophy elsewhere in Europe, with followers in Russia (Gustav Shpet and later Roman Jakobson) and in Poland, due to the efforts of Husserl’s student, Roman Ingarden, who returned there. Husserl was well received in Czechoslovakia, due to his old friend Thomas Masaryk and Jan Patočka (1907-1977), and, most notably, in France, originally through Jean Héring (1890-1966), but principally due to Emmanuel Levinas (1906-1995), who had studied with both Husserl and Heidegger in Freiburg in 1928, and had translated Husserl’s Paris lectures of 1929 into French. Levinas introduced phenomenology to French readers through his pioneering study, Theory of Intuition in Husserl’s Phenomenology (1930), which explicitly compared Husserl with Henri Bergson, the most prominent French philosopher of the time. Although Levinas published many articles on Husserl and Heidegger, he did not really achieve recognition for his own ethical approach until the publication of Totalité et infini (Totality and Infinity) in 1961.

    胡塞尔的《逻辑研究》在欧洲对哲学有着较早的和相当重要的影响,俄罗斯的追随者是古斯塔夫·施佩特以及后来的罗曼·雅各布森,在波兰则得力于其学成回国的学生罗曼·英伽登。胡塞尔的现象学也在捷克得到了很好的传播,这归功于其老朋友托马斯·马塞里克和让·帕托什卡。而更显著的影响则是在法国,最初是通过让·亨利,但主要还是由于伊曼努尔·列维纳斯,他在1928年于弗赖堡跟随胡塞尔和海德格尔学习,并把胡塞尔1929年巴黎讲稿翻译成法文。列维纳斯通过自己开拓性的研究——《胡塞尔现象学中的直观理论》——把现象学介绍给法国读者,他在该书中明确的比较了胡塞尔与那个时代法国最杰出的哲学家亨利·柏格森。尽管列维纳斯出版了许多论述胡塞尔和海德格尔的论文,他还是没有真正实现其承认的属于他自己的伦理方法,直到1961年《整体与无限》的出版。

     

    Part XII   Emmanuel Levinas  The Primacy of the Other [510-539]

    由一个“Introduction”与“Ethics and the Face”、“Beyond Intentionality”组成,前者选自《整体与无限》,后者选自Alan Montefiori(ed.)《今日法国哲学》(Philosophy in France Today, 1983, trans. Kathleen McLaughlin, pp.100-15. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

     

    Introduction[511]

    Emmanuel Levinas was born in Kaunas, Lithuania in 1906. In 1923 he went to the University of Strasbourg in France to study classics, psychology and sociology, although he eventually concentrated on philosophy, focusing in particular on Bergson and Husserl. In 1928 he spent two semesters at the University of Freiburg, attending the seminars, first of Husserl, and subsequently of Heidegger. He completed his doctorate in Strasbourg in 1929. Levinas’ first published book was The Theory of Intuition in Husserl’s Phenomenology (1930). He co-translated Husserl’s Cartesian Meditations a year later. As a French officer he was interned by the Germans during the Second World War but lost most of his family in the Holocaust. After the war he was appointed Director of L’Ecole Normale Israélite Orientale. He published Existence and Existents and Time and the Other in 1947, and Discovering Existence with Husserl and Heidegger in 1949. Totality and infinity (1961) and Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence (1974) are generally regarded as his greatest works. Also worthy of mention are Ethics and Infinity (1982) and his various lectures and commentaries on the Talmud, some of which are translated in Nine Talmudic Readings (1996). Levinas became Professor of Philosophy at Poitiers (1963), Paris-Nanterre (1967) and the Sorbonne (1973). He died in 1995.

    伊曼努尔·列维纳斯1906年出生于立陶宛的考纳斯。1923年,他进入法国的斯特拉斯堡大学学习古典学、心理学和社会学,最后他把注意力转向了哲学,尤其关注柏格森和胡塞尔。1928年,他在弗莱堡大学学习了两个学期,出席研讨会,首先是胡塞尔的,然后是海德格尔。1929年,他在斯特拉斯堡完成了自己的博士论文。列维纳斯最先出版的书籍是《胡塞尔现象学中的直观理论》(1930)。一年后,他合作翻译了胡塞尔的《笛卡儿式的沉思》。在二战中,他作为法**人被德军囚禁,在大屠杀中,他失去了大部分家人。战后,他出任培养犹太教士的师范学校的校长。在1947年,他出版了《从存在到存在者》和《时间与他者》,两年后,出版了《与胡塞尔、海德格尔一起发现存在》。1961年出版的《整体与无限》以及1974年出版的《存在之外或超在》通常被认为是其最伟大的作品。值得提到的还有1982年出版的《伦理与无限》以及各种关于塔木德的讲演、注释,其中的一些于1996年被翻译出版,名为《塔木德九讲》。列维纳斯于1963年成为普瓦捷大学哲学教授,1967年任巴黎-南泰尔大学教授,1973年任索邦大学教授。他于1995年去世。

  • 一段列维纳斯关于方法论的言论之翻译

    2008-01-14 03:01:49

    I do not believe that transparency is possible in method or that philosophy is possible in the manner of transparency. Those who have dedicated their entire lives to methodology have written many books instead of the more interesting books they could have written.

    我(指列维纳斯)不认为在方法上透明度是可能的或按某种透明度的方式哲学是可能的。那些已经把他们一生都敬献给方法论的人以(他们)所已经写出的著作取代了他们能够写的更多的有意思的作品。

  • Richard·A·Cohen‘s point about Emmanuel Levinas

    2008-01-13 02:51:33

    承接上文

    It is also clear that precisely because of his ethically based criticisms, Levinas will continue to appreciate the unsurpassed positivism of Husserl’s phenomenology. Because Husserlian phenomenology represents the limit case of scientific positivism, Levinas’s break with it, in the name of the higher vocation of ethics, is due not to some undetected fault or lack in his conception of science, in which case science could recuperate itself, but rather represents the essential priority of ethics over science, over science in its fullest, broadest, most universal sense. Husserl’s phenomenological conception of science, in other words, because of its depth and breadth, frees Levinas’s critique of science from any charge of “straw man.” Quite unlike Heidegger, Levinas fully recognizes and appreciates the great value of science, indeed, its essential contribution not only to the conveniences and health of society, but more profoundly to the universality and impartiality required by and for a just society. It is not science but the hubris of science, its pretended hegemony, now even broader and deeper in its Husserlian guise, that Levinas criticizes. While Levinas’s assimilation of Heidegger’s ontology to palliate Husserl’s epistemology appears directly in The Theory of Intuition, the superiority of science conceived on an intuitional rather than an experiential basis is derived from its theses.

    同时,这也是很清楚的,由于其精确的基于伦理的判判,列维纳斯将要继续感激胡塞尔现象学卓越的实证。因为胡塞尔的现象学描绘(表现)了科学实证边界(极限)的情况,列维纳斯(却)以更高的伦理事业的名义与此断绝了关系(与此种哲学决裂),(这)并不仅仅是由于其科学概念中的某些未被发现的过失或缺陷,在这种情况中,科学能够使其自身恢复,而是在最充分的、最广泛的、最普遍的意义上描绘(表现)了伦理在科学之上(具有)根本的优先权。胡塞尔现象学的科学之概念,换句话说,(就是)因为其深度与广度,把列维纳斯对科学的批判从任何“稻草人”的控诉中解救出来(列维纳斯关于科学的批判不受任何“稻草人”的控诉影响)。完全不同于海德格尔,列维纳斯充分承认与欣赏科学的巨大价值,事实上,它根本的贡献不仅仅给社会带来了便利与健康,而且为正义社会带来了更深刻的普遍性与公正性,这也是正义社会所要求的。不是科学,而是科学的傲慢(无理)[而是傲慢的科学],以及虚伪的霸权(以及其假装不称霸),(哪怕)是目前在胡塞尔花样翻新的广度与深度(意义上),列维纳斯都批判(之)。然而,列维纳斯用(吸收)消化了的海德格尔的本体论缓和了胡塞尔的认识论,(这)直接出现在《胡塞尔现象学中的直观理论》中,从其论文(列维纳斯的博士论文)中所导引出来的是基于直观的科学优越性的构想,而不是经验基础意义上的。

     

     

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